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MEMARI COLLEGE
HATPUKUR, MEMARI, EAST BURDWAN
Project
Work
Submitted
by
Name of the Student……………………
Roll No. ……………Section…………..
Registration No ................................... (201......202.....)
In partial fulfillment to English
Honours, S.E.C. Course
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Project
Work
On
Theory of Translation Studies
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Acknowledgement
This project has given
me golden opportunity for learning and self-development through collaborative
activities. I want to thank respected Mr. /Mrs.__________________________ to
whom I owe specially for preparing this project entitled as ‘Theory of
translation Studies’.
I do want to extend my
heartfelt thanks to my friends, parents and others who helped me in various
ways to make a final draft of this work and submit the same to our school.
Signature of the student
……………………………
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that
this Project Report entitled as ‘Theory of translation Studies’, prepared by
___________________ English (Hons.) Roll No._______ Registration No.
______________ Year 201…-1…. submitted in partial fulfillment to English
Honours, S.E.C. Course during the academic year 201…-1… is a bonafide record of
project work carried out under my guidance and supervision.
…………………………………..
(Signature
of the Project Guide)
Name:
……………………………………
Designation:
Assistant teacher
Department:
English
MEMARI COLLEGE (THE UNIVERSITY
OF BURDWAN)
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Contents
Chapter 1: What is Translation
Studies?
Chapter 2: History of Translation
Studies
Chapter 3: Translation Studies as an
Academic Discipline
Chapter 4: What Does Translation
Studies Involve?
Chapter 5: Why Study Translation?
Chapter 6: Careers in Translation
Chapter 7: The Role and Scope of
Translation Studies in the 21st Century
Chapter 8: The Nature of
Translation:
Chapter 9: Indian Perspectives:
Medieval Examples
Chapter 10: Main Approaches within
Contemporary Translation Theory
i.
The sociolinguistic approach
ii.
The communicative approach
iii.
The hermeneutic approach
iv.
The linguistic approach
v.
The literary approach
vi.
The semiotic approach
Chapter 11: Overview
N.B: Insert Page No. along side your Chapter Contents.
Chapter 1:What is Translation Studies?
Translation Studies is the field of study that deals with
the theory, description, and application of translation. Because it examines translation
not only as inter-lingual transfer but also as intercultural communication, it
can also be described as an inter-discipline which touches on other diverse
fields of knowledge, including comparative literature, cultural studies, gender
studies, computer science, history, linguistics, philosophy, rhetoric, and
semiotics. Translation Studies is often paired with interpreting, although the
two are distinct fields.
Chapter 2:History of Translation Studies
Although translators from the Romans have had much to say
about the theory and practice of translation, it was not until the 20th century
that Translation Studies emerged as a
formal academic discipline. James S
Holmes’ 1972 landmark paper entitled The Name and Nature of Translation Studies was
the foundational statement of Translation Studies: it called for the creation
of a distinct discipline with its own system of classification.
Chapter 3:Translation Studies as an Academic
Discipline
Translation Studies entails the systematic examination of
translation both as an applied practice and also as a means of understanding
the movement and transfer between diverse languages and cultures. Translation
Studies deals with the practical experiences of the translator; it also
explores from theoretical and methodological perspectives the history and
philosophy of translation, as well as current
trends or prominent trance in the
field. Translation Studies may examine the practices and context of translating
texts that are specialist (legal, business, medical, etc.); it also may explore
the art of translation as a creative act in literary translation and
international marketing. Translation Studies may also explore how issues of
culture, power, gender, ethics medium affect the act of translating. The study
of these enables students to apply their theoretical understanding to the
approaches, techniques, and choices that are used daily as a practicing
translator.
Chapter 4:What Does Translation Studies
Involve?
The study of translation usually includes the analysis of
key texts, enabling students to develop an awareness of the problems of
understanding and interpretation. It also involves the development of the
analytical, practical, evaluative, aesthetic, and expository skills required to
address translation issues. Finally, it includes the development of research
skills, practical translation skills, and the ability to develop strategies for
managing complex linguistic and cultural transactions.
Chapter 5:Why Study Translation?
The discipline of translation
studies has grown alongside the introduction of university schools and courses,
relevant conferences, translation journals, and other translation-related
publications.
The skills of translation are
becoming ever more important and desirable, as today’s multicultural and
multilingual society demands effective, efficient, and empathetic communication
between languages and cultures.
Chapter 6:Careers in Translation
Translation Studies prepares
students for various careers. Some graduates choose to begin their own business
as a freelance translator. Others become in-house translators or project
managers for translation companies or international businesses. There are also
roles in such language services industries as international publishing,
journalism, public relations, and teaching.
Professionals with significant
linguistic backgrounds, as well as translators, linguists and other language
professionals, often, choose to study a Master of Arts degree or a Ph.D. in
Translation Studies. This course of study enables students to develop
specialist language skills, research skills, and the credentials required to
land more advanced specialist roles in translation, teaching, international
business, and media.
Chapter 7:The Role and Scope of Translation
Studies in the 21st Century
Translation Studies is not solely a
motivating but a challenging job also. It is highly skillful action and
profession in the 21st century. Translation Practice is an intercultural
activity through languages. In this paper, I intend to explore the role and
scope of translation in the globalized world. How translators play a vital role
to build a bridge between two different cultures, languages and customs. This
paper provides a panorama of the many perspectives in which translation is
becoming an essential for us and for knowledge base studies. How the future of
translation is bright and beautiful? Translation studies, theory of translation
and courses on translation are introduced and implemented at University level
all over the globe.
Chapter 8:The Nature of Translation:
The scope of translation is a bright
and beautiful in the coming years because it is the only medium through
different people come to know different works. Today many people think that
anyone who knows more than one language can become a translator or interpreter.
But it is only a half-truth because a good translator must have good background
knowledge of both languages, subject knowledge, social and cultural competence
and apart from it he/ she need advanced language skills for the medium of
communication. Basudeb Chakraborty says that a good translation shows “a
spontaneous and creative process of journey of a theme and a meta theme from
one linguistic framework to another”. Translation is a production process of
conveying meaning and information underlying in the source language into target
language with the help of linguistic and cultural convenience. “The fact that we are able to produce
equivalent in English for every word does not mean that we can give an adequate
translation of the text. Translation implies that we have capacity to enter
into the mind, the world, and the culture of the speakers or writers and we can
express their thought in a manner that is not only parallel to the original,
but also acceptable to the target language”. (A. Duff. 5). We need to be
faithful and loyal to the original text while act of translation and it is
necessary to focus more on ideas and concepts than its surface meaning of the
text. The work of translation requires the theoretical knowledge and
understanding of source text and translators bound to make compact relationship
between two different domains of knowledge.
Chapter 9:Indian Perspectives: Medieval Examples
India, a rustic of unity in
diversity with multilingual and multicultural aspects has an aged old history
where translation has been worked for a long time and still continues to play a
pivotal role. It is very pertinent to talk about Indian perspectives on the
translation of classic literature. Indian translation had not in limelight till
the 19thCentury. Throughout the middle ages, translation of Sanskrit’s classic
like the epics and puranas continued to be retold, adapted, subverted and
translated without proper consideration about the formal equivalence. For
instance, Kambana Tamil translator took all freedom while translating Valmiki’s
Ramayana
into Tamil version. He followed the Dravidian epic structure and modified the
text according to the taste of readers. There are still some kinds of version
among these texts from Valmik’s Ramayana, Tulsi Das’ Ram
Charita Manasand to folk Ramayana. Religious texts have played a great
role in the history of translation. One of the oldest examples can be cited
from the Old Testament of Bible into Greek in the 3rd century.
Saint Jerome, the patron saint of translation, produced a Latin Bible in the
4thcentury AD which was preferred a text for the Roman Catholic Church for many
years to come. Translation of the Bible was and is controversial question which
emerge and re-emerge time to time and this sort of split in ideas create big
gulf among Christianity due to the disparity prevails in the versions of the
Bible. Martin Luther King Jr. is
being the first European to propose that one translates satisfactorily solely toward
his own language which statement still is true in modern translation theory.
Chapter 10: Main Approaches within Contemporary
Translation Theory
Accordingly, there are six main
approaches within contemporary translation theory: the socio-linguistic
approach, the communicative approach, the hermeneutic approach, the linguistic
approach, the literary approach and the semiotic approach.
i. The sociolinguistic approach
According to the sociolinguistic
approach to translation, the social context defines what is and is not
translatable and what is or is not acceptable through selection, filtering and
even censorship. According to this perspective, a translator is inevitably the
product of his or her society: our own sociocultural background is present in
everything we translate. This approach is related to the school of Tel Aviv and
figures such as Annie Brisset, Even Zohar and Guideon Toury.
ii. The communicative approach
This perspective is referred to as
interpretive. Researchers like D. Seleskovitch and M. Lederer developed what
they known as the “theory of sense,” mainly based on the experience of
conference interpreting. According to this perspective, meaning should be
translated, not language. Language is nothing over a vehicle for the message
and can even be an obstacle to understanding. This explains why it is continually
better to deverbalize (instead of transcoding) when we translate.
iii. The hermeneutic approach
The hermeneutic approach is mainly
based on the work of George Steiner, who believes that any human communication
is a translation. In his book after Babel he explains that translation is not a
science but an “exact art”: a true translator should be capable of becoming a
writer in order to capture what the author of the original text “means to say.”
iv. The linguistic approach
Linguists like Vinay, Darbelnet,
Austin, Vegliante, and Mounin, interested in language text, structuralism, and
pragmatics, also examined the process of translating. According to this
perspective, any translation (whether it’s a marketing translation, a medical
translation, a legal translation or another type of text) should be considered
from the point of view of its fundamental units; that is, the word, the syntagm
and the sentence.
v. The literary approach
According to the literary approach,
a translation should not be considered a linguistic endeavor but a literary
one. Language has “energy”: this is manifested through words, which are the
result of experiencing a culture. This charge is what gives it strength and
ultimately, meaning: this is what the translation-writer should translate.
vi. The semiotic approach
Semiotics is the science that
studies signs and signification. Accordingly, in order for there to be meaning
there must be collaboration between a sign, an object and an interpreter. Thus,
from the perspective of semiotics, translation is thought of as a way of
interpreting texts in which encyclopedic content varies and each sociocultural
context is unique.
Today, Translation has become a big
and broad field on the world map where translators have to face two common
problems whether he/she concentrates on the content or on the atmosphere of the
piece of work while translating a particular text. The contemporary theory of
translation often employs a strategic form and understanding of the cultural
and political status of society. Culture and civilization of translated works
are seen to engage with all broad areas of political and social concerns of the
world as an empire, economics, gender, race, and so forth.
Chapter 11: Overview
Translation Studies is an emerging
discipline of research and profession in the Twenty first century. It has
emerged and flourished as a new field with a lot of ideas springing from
anthropology, philosophy, literature, linguistics, literary studies,
lexicology, semiotics, computer science and plenty of different fields. Both
written and spoken translations have played a crucial role in the inter-human
communication throughout history. The term “translation studies” was coined by
the Amsterdam-based American scholar James
S. Holmes in his paper “The name and nature of translation studies”,
this is considered as a foundational text for this discipline. The word
translation itself derives from a Latin term meaning "to bring or carry
across". The Ancient Greek term is 'meta-phrasis' ("to
speak across") and this gives us the term 'metaphrase' (a
"literal or word-for-word translation") -as contrasted with 'paraphrase' ("a saying in
different words"). This distinction has ordered at the guts of the
speculation of translation throughout its history: Cicero and poet used it in
Rome, Dryden continued to use it in the 17th century and it still exists
nowadays in the discussion around "fidelity versus transparency" or
"formal equivalence versus dynamic equivalence". The first known
translations are those of the Sumerian epic Gilgamesh into Asian
languages from the second millennium BC. In India, later Buddhist monks
translated Indian sutras into Chinese and Roman poets and adapted Greek texts.
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