Development of English Literature from the Norman Conquest to the Age of Chaucer
Q. Discuss the development of English
literature from the Norman Conquest to the era of Chaucer
Answer: The Norman conquest of England occurred in 1066 AD. This event deeply
influenced English society, language and literature. The Norman people came
from France. They brought with them the French language and culture. After this
three languages became prevalent in England. The upper class spoke French.
Latin was used in church and education. Common people spoke Old English. Due to
this the development of English literature slowed down for some time.
In the early period after the Norman Conquest, literature was written
mainly in Latin and French. The literature of this time was related to religion
and history. The influence of the Church was very strong. Hence religious
texts, sermons and biographies of saints were written. Chronicles and religious
compositions were prominent. There was very little literature in the language
of the common people.
Gradually Old English started changing into Middle English. This change
was the result of social and cultural fusion. French and English languages
started mixing. There was a change in both terminology and style. This made
the English language simpler and richer.
Roman literature developed in the 12th century. This literature came
under French influence. It had elements of love, courage and imagination.
Stories related to King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table became
popular. In these, importance was given to bravery and ideal love. This
literature attracted the upper class of the society.
During this time, religious literature also continued to develop. Biblical
stories and moral sermons were written. Many works were also written for the
common people. Due to this, the influence of religion reached every section of
the society. Miracle Plays and Morality Plays originated at this time. These
plays were associated with the church and became a medium of education.
The English language started gaining importance again in the 13th and
14th centuries. People started writing in their mother tongue. This increased
the scope of literature. At this time, writing on social subjects also started.
Farmers, traders and common people also started getting a place in literature.
The 14th century is called the Chaucer era. Geoffrey Chaucer is
considered the greatest poet of this period. He gave literary form to the
English language. His famous work is The Canterbury Tales. It depicts various
sections of the society. Chaucer used simple language. His style was clear and
effective.
Realism is visible in Chaucer's literature. He deeply understood human
nature. His characters are lively and natural. He presented humour, satire and
morality in a balanced form. This gave a new direction to English literature.
During this period, along with poetry, prose also developed. Works
related to history, travel and education, were written. Education started
spreading in the society. This increased the number of readers. Literature was
no longer limited to the church or the court only.
Thus, there was continuous development in English literature from the
Norman Conquest to the Chaucer era. Language has been changed. Accordingly, Subject
has been changed. The style also changed. Despite French and Latin influence,
English literature made its mark. Chaucer gave completion to this development.
Therefore this period is considered very important in the history of English
literature.
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